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DLang

Links

• Programming in D (an excellent free book by Ali Çehreli) [also available in PDF]
• https://dlang.org/ (HQ)
• stdlib (docs)
• >>> "REPL"
• ---
• issue tracker for these notes ⚠️

Notes

• hello world
• compilers (dmd, gdc, ldc2)
• primitive types and type properties (type(var), sizeof, MIN, MAX, etc.)
• type conversion
  • the cast operator (casting, pointer types)
• integer overflow
• writeln(), write() (also: write to stderr (standard error))
• formatted output (writefln())
• command-line arguments
  • command-line arguments (sys.argv)
  • command-line options with the std.getopt module
• named constants (#define MAX 10)
• named character entities (♥)
• in operator (for strings and lists) [a.k.a. contains()]
• working with big integers [a.k.a. BigInteger] (2 ** 1024)
• slices (and safeSlice())
• loops
  • for loop (like C)
  • foreach loop
    • basic usage
    • get the index AND the element (like Python's enumerate())
    • print a string char by char
    • modify the elements during the loop
    • iterate over the elements in reverse order (foreach_reverse and retro())
  • execute a loop N times
• binary search
• reading from stdin
  • readf() (in C: scanf() ) + get_int() example
  • input() (read a string with readln(), chomp())
  • input() (throw exception if Ctrl+D was pressed)
• working with Unicode characters (isLower(), toUpper())
• strings
  • s.strip(), s.replace(old, new), , s.startswith(), s.endswith(), s.find()
  • s.upper(), s.lower(), s.capitalize()
  • s.count()
  • s.isdigit() (with all())
  • strings are immutable, len(s), "ab" + "cd"
  • reverse a string (s[::-1])
  • string slicing (s[0:2])
  • string comparison (s == t)
  • multiline string ("""…"""), raw string (r"…"), quoted string (s = 'She said: "Get out!"')
  • loop over a string char by char (for c in text:)
  • print("-" * 10) (repeat a string)
  • print("X".center(5))
  • from parse import parse (in D: formattedRead())
  • stringbuffer (dup(), idup())
  • s.zfill()
  • print text in bold (using escape sequences)
  • increment a string by 1 (aa → ab, bc → bd, zz → aaa)
  • swapCase()
  • Hamming distance (using zip() and count())
  • string → list of chars (list("abc") → ["a", "b", "c"]) [also: convert a char array to a dchar array]
• create a formatted string and store it as a string
• iota() (Python: range()) + walkLength()
• filter() (Python: list comprehension)
• map() (Python: list comprehension)
• math operations
  • std.math
  • pi (π)
  • round() (D has normal rounding)
  • is_prime() (simple test)
• ord(), chr()
• hex(n), oct(n), bin(n)
• optional parameters
• switch statement
  • regular switch statement
  • final switch statement (TODO)
• 2 ** 3 == 8
• floating point types (infinity, nan, isNan())
• Interoperability with C
  • exit code
  • calling C's printf()
• static vs. dynamic array
• list operations (a.k.a. dynamic array [slice] operations)
  • append to a list, extend a list (li.append(1), li.extend([1, 2]))
  • remove element (del li[2]), li.remove(elem)
  • pop first/last/inner element (li.pop(0), li.pop(), li.pop(idx))
  • li.insert(idx, elem) (insert element at a given position)
  • li.index(elem) (index position of an element)
  • li.count()
  • list concatenation ([1, 2] + [3, 4])
  • list comparison ([1, 2] == [1, 2])
  • operation with every element (numbers[] *= 2)
  • sort in-place (li.sort())
  • reverse in-place (li.reverse())
  • sort in descending order (simple and advanced solutions)
  • sum(), max(), min()
  • uniq() elements (sorted(set(li))), i.e. remove duplicates
  • mutable slice -> immutable slice (with copy and with transformation)
• dictionaries
  • create a dictionary
  • passing a dictionary to a function
  • remove an element; remove all elements
  • the in operator
  • the get() function
  • length, keys, values
• set data structure
  • basic usage (with a dictionary)
  • union (chain() example too)
  • intersection
  • difference
• tuple data structure
  • basic usage + adding an alias
  • NamedTuple (done with an immutable struct)
  • tuple unpacking
• structs (records)
  • basic usage
  • struct literal
  • static members
• assert and unit testing
  • assert
  • contract programming (in, out)
  • unittest (basic example + testing a library)
  • unittest #2: testing for exceptions
• random
  • randrange(), randint()
  • choice()
• split(), join()
• file handling, file operations
  • read a text file; write to a text file (line by line)
  • read the whole content of a text file (f.read())
  • read the content of a text file to a list (f.read().splitlines())
  • from pathlib import Path
  • os.path.isfile() (exists(), isdir(), etc.)
  • make file executable (chmod u+x file.txt)
  • os.listdir() (get the content of a directory)
  • glob.glob("*.txt")
  • include the content of a text file (during compilation)
• templates
  • templates + type constraints (generic functions)
• ranges
  • Is the array sorted? (isSorted())
  • Is the string palindrome? (using equal()) [ is_palindrome() ]
  • zip()
• to_digits() (number to digits: 2025 → [2, 0, 2, 5])
• exceptions
  • simple example
  • throw an exception
  • exception properties (.file, .line, .msg, etc.)
  • exception in an exception handler
  • larger example (read two numbers and divide them) {with custom exceptions}
• processes
  • calling an external process (simple example)
  • os.system()
  • environment variables
• What is true? What is false? (truthy and falsy)
• swap two variables (a, b = b, a)
• prettify a number (1234 => 1,234, pretty_number())
• enum
• lambda function
• date and time
  • basic examples
  • wait for N seconds (sleep())
  • measure execution time (ex.: benchmark a function)
• memoization (@lru_cache)
• permutation
  • lexicographically next permutation
• working with JSON
  • simple examples to read JSON
  • create a JSON object
• std.numeric
  • GCD and LCM (greatest common divisor [LNKO] and least common multiple [LKKT])
• Using the GMP library
  • C example
  • D example (with C bindings)
  • D example (with gmp-d; simplest way)
• scope
  • example (scope(exit), defer)
• fold() (similar to reduce())
• raylib
  • getting started (install raylib-d and make a basic project)
• calling D from Python
  • basic example (passing an int)
  • passing a list of integers
• static variables (inside a function)
• regular expressions (regex, regexp)
  • examples